Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: A multiplexed high-throughput neutralization assay reveals a lack of activity against multiple variants after SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1101/2021.04.08.21255150

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic outline of the S 3 /ACE2 neutralization assay. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies are monitored for their capacity in blocking the S 3 /ACE2 interaction. ACE2 binding to S protein was detected though use of a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody and the signal intensities are inversely proportional to the neutralizing potential of the anti-S protein antibodies. ( b ) Serum dilution IC 50 values were calculated for 104 healthy adult donor samples collected prior to November 2019 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic). The mean IC50 values and SD were used to establish a lower limit cutoff of 50 indicated by the dashed line (mean IC 50 of 12.5 + 4 × 9.0 SD = 50 serum dilution). ( c ) Representative concentration response curves for ten healthy donor serum samples and ( d ) ten SARS-CoV-2 seropositive donors with varying levels of anti-S protein IgG antibody. Mean ± s.d. shown in graph b . S protein / ACE2 structure was generated with PDB 7a98.

Article Snippet: Plates were agitated on a plate shaker for 60 minutes then the ACE2 mouse Fc fusion protein (Creative Biomart or produced by EPFL Protein Production and Structure Core Facility) was then added to each well at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml and agitated for a further 60 minutes.

Techniques: Neutralization, Blocking Assay, Binding Assay, Labeling, Concentration Assay, Generated

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: A multiplexed high-throughput neutralization assay reveals a lack of activity against multiple variants after SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1101/2021.04.08.21255150

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Cross-validation studies between S 3 /ACE2 surrogate neutralization assay and the “gold standard” SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect (CPE) neutralization assay. Seropositive donors (n=206) with varying levels of anti-S protein antibodies were selected for comparison of the assays. Donors consisted of COVID-19 hospitalized patients (n=31), symptomatic infected donors with RT-PCR-documentation (n=64) and other seropositive donors identified through random sampling, volunteers or contact with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected individual in a Swiss population serological survey (n=111). ( b ) Correlation between the live SARS-CoV-2 virus cytopathic effect and S protein pseudotyped neutralization assays. A group of 74 samples from S protein seropositive donors were compared in the live virus CPE and S protein pseudotyped virus cell based neutralization assays. Correlation between the two neutralization assays is represented by the black dashed line and the 20 serum dilution IC 50 cutoff for positivity in the CPE assay is shown with the blue dashed line.

Article Snippet: Plates were agitated on a plate shaker for 60 minutes then the ACE2 mouse Fc fusion protein (Creative Biomart or produced by EPFL Protein Production and Structure Core Facility) was then added to each well at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml and agitated for a further 60 minutes.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Neutralization, Comparison, Infection, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sampling, Virus

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: A multiplexed high-throughput neutralization assay reveals a lack of activity against multiple variants after SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1101/2021.04.08.21255150

Figure Lengend Snippet: The surrogate neutralization assay was performed with two panels of S 3 coupled beads consisting of the 2019-nCov S protein and S mutations produced with one or more amino acid substitutions or deletions. ( a ) Concentration response curves of the REGN10933 therapeutic antibody evaluated against S protein mutations from three viral variants in the S 3 /ACE2 assay. ( b-c ) Serum dilutions from RT-PCR positive donors 3506 and 9504 ( b ) or 1034 and 5537 ( c ) in the S 3 -ACE2 assay with two separate panels of S 3 coupled beads. ( c ) Spider plot and heatmap showing IC 50 serum dilutions for donors 1034 and 5537 serums samples against the indicated S protein mutations found in variants of concern including B.1.1.7 and P1. In these graphs, green background corresponds to an IC 50 dilution >100 for strong blocking of the S 3 /ACE2 interaction, yellow background for moderate blocking with IC 50 dilutions from 50 to 100 and red background for low to no blocking activity against the indicated S protein mutant.

Article Snippet: Plates were agitated on a plate shaker for 60 minutes then the ACE2 mouse Fc fusion protein (Creative Biomart or produced by EPFL Protein Production and Structure Core Facility) was then added to each well at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml and agitated for a further 60 minutes.

Techniques: Neutralization, Produced, Concentration Assay, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Blocking Assay, Activity Assay, Mutagenesis

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Enhanced Cardiorenal Protective Effects of Combining SGLT2 Inhibition, Endothelin Receptor Antagonism and RAS Blockade in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms232112823

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kidney ACE2/ACE mRNA expression and enzymatic activity ratio. ( A ) ACE2/ACE mRNA expression ratio. ( B ) ACE2/ACE kidney activity ratio. ( C ) ACE2/ACE serum activity ratio. db/m : non-diabetic mice treated with vehicle. db/db : diabetic mice treated with vehicle. db/db EMP : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin. db/db EMP + RAM : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin and ramipril. db/db EMP + RAM + ATR : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin, ramipril, and atrasentan. db/db ATR : diabetic mice treated with atrasentan. db/db ATR + RAM : diabetic mice treated with atrasentan and ramipril. db/db RAM : diabetic mice treated with ramipril. Factorial ANOVA main effect results are displayed next to the graph. P Diabetes : diabetes’ main effect. P EMP : empagliflozin’s main effect. P RAM : ramipril’s main effect. P ATR : atrasentan’s main effect. $ p < 0.05 vehicle-treated db/db mice vs. vehicle-treated db/m mice. * p < 0.05 any treated db/db mice compared with vehicle-treated db/db mice.

Article Snippet: In addition, two wells with 0.008 ng/μL of recombinant mouse ACE2 (3437-ZN-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and two wells with lysis buffer alone were included as positive and negative control, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Enhanced Cardiorenal Protective Effects of Combining SGLT2 Inhibition, Endothelin Receptor Antagonism and RAS Blockade in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms232112823

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed modulation of intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS) in db/db mice treated with empagliflozin, atrasentan, ramipril, or their combination. Treatment with empagliflozin ( B ) or atrasentan ( D ) alone did not significantly change intrarenal RAS but ramipril alone increases kidney renin levels ( C ) when compared to vehicle-treated db/db mice ( A ). However, either empagliflozin or atrasentan combined with ramipril (( E , F ), respectively) increased renin activity and directed the intrarenal RAS towards the Ang (1–7) protective axis. These effects were highest in the combination therapy of empagliflozin, atrasentan and ramipril ( G ). Ang I : angiotensin I. Ang II : angiotensin II. Ang (1-7) : angiotensin (1-7). ACE : angiotensin converting enzyme. ACE2 : angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. db/db : diabetic mice treated with vehicle. db/db EMP : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin. db/db EMP + RAM : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin and ramipril. db/db EMP + RAM + ATR : diabetic mice treated with empagliflozin, ramipril, and atrasentan. db/db ATR : diabetic mice treated with atrasentan. db/db ATR + RAM : diabetic mice treated with atrasentan and ramipril. db/db RAM : diabetic mice treated with ramipril.

Article Snippet: In addition, two wells with 0.008 ng/μL of recombinant mouse ACE2 (3437-ZN-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and two wells with lysis buffer alone were included as positive and negative control, respectively.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: List and application of antibodies.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Neutralization

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: A bacterial pneumonia model was established by instilling 30μl saline containing 1X106 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pao1 strain, P.a) through intubation with an otoscope. At time post bacterial inoculation, mice were sacrificed, and bronchiole alveoli lavage fluid (BALF) or lung tissues were collected. (A). ACE2 activity in BALF was measured by Fluro-substrate based assay. The RLU was normalized by recovery volume of respective BALF. The ACE2 gene expression level was measured by quantitative RT- PCR and displayed as ACE2 mRNA expression level relative to a housekeeping gene RPLO mRNA expression level (B), and ACE2 protein level in mouse lung homogenates was determined by ELISA, and the concentration was normalized by protein concentration (C). (D), Neutrophil numbers in BALF were determined by flow cytometry, gated as Ly6G+CD11b+ in live cells (7AAD−). In all samples n≥5. All comparisons were done between the non-treated group (0) and treated group at the time (day) of sacrifice post bacterial inoculation. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test or analysis of variance (ordinary one way ANOVA multiple comparisons) using Prism software (GraphPad). * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Concentration Assay, Protein Concentration, Flow Cytometry, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic depicting the strategy of ACE2 inhibitor (MLN4760, 2.5mg/kg) treatment. (B) Bodyweight change at the time of sacrifice. (C) Survival curve of mice in respective experimental groups as indicated. (D). The degree of lung permeability from mice of respective experimental groups was determined by wet/dry ratio. (E) Levels of total protein in BALF from mice of the indicated experimental group. (F) Neutrophil accumulation in mouse lungs with pre-existing and persistent deficiency of the active ACE2 was assayed by flow cytometry gated as Ly6G+CD11b+ living cells in BALF. (G) Bacterial load in mouse BALF was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU). The volume of individual BALF normalized the CFU (indicated as CFU/ml). (H-I) Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels of CXCL5 and KC were determined by ELISA. (J) Representative micrograph of pathohistology of lungs from indicated groups at the time post bacterial inoculation. dpi: day post, inoculation. (K-L) Representative immunofluorescence images from an indicated experimental group of mice for inducible nitric oxidase (iNOS, K), and neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (MPO, L). (M) Pathological scores of mouse lungs from wild type mice with or without MLN4760 treatment and ACE2ko mice were calculated. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test or analysis of variance (ordinary one way ANOVA multiple comparisons) using Prism software (GraphPad).In all experiments, n≥4 *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Scale bar = 50μm.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Permeability, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A). Schematic depicting the strategy of recombinant ACE2 treatment. (B). The percentage of survived mice with or without recombinant human ACE2 at two days post bacterial lung infection. (C). Weight loss in mice that underwent bacterial pneumonia with or without rhACE2. (D). Bacterial load recovered from BALF. Final bacterial counts were normalized by recovery volume. (E). Neutrophil numbers in BALF were determined by flow cytometry gated as Ly6G+CD11b+ in live cells (7AAD−). F-I: Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels of CXCL5, G-CSF, Mip-2, and KC were determined by ELISA. (J) Representative micrograph of pathohistology of lungs from indicated groups at the time post bacterial inoculation. dpi: day post, inoculation. (K-L) Representative immunofluorescence images from an indicated experimental group of mice for inducible nitric oxidase (iNOS, K), and neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (MPO, L). Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test using Prism software (GraphPad). In all experimental groups, n≥4. *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Scale bar = 50μm.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Recombinant, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A). Representative images immunofluorescent staining for foxj1 (red) and ACE2 (green), demonstrating ACE2 is predominantly expressed in foxj1+ cells (upper panel), and the expression is reduced 48-hour post bacterial infection(lower panel). (B). ACE2Δfoxj11 mice demonstrated more severe mortality in bacterial pneumonia (C). ACE2Δfoxj1 mice exhibited more weight loss in bacterial pneumonia in comparison to wild type counterpart. (D-E). Bacterially infected ACE2Δfoxj1 mouse demonstrated an increased permeability as evidenced by elevated wet/dry ratio (D) and protein levels in BALF (E). (F) Neutrophil accumulation in ACE2Δfoxj1 mouse lung infected by pseudomonas bacteria was exacerbated as manifested by increased Ly6G+CD11b+ live cells in BALF using flow cytometry. (G) Bacterial load in BALF from ACE2Δfoxj1 mouse lung infected by pseudomonas bacteria was not significant in comparison to that in the wild type counterparts. (H-I). Excising ACE2 gene from foxj1+ cells led to enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production (KC and Mip2) as measured by ELISA. (J). Representative micrograph showing histology of lungs of ACE2Δfoxj1 mice with pseudomonas bacterial infection. K-L Immunofluorescent images of inflammation marker inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, green, K) and neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (MPO, red L) in ACE2Δfoxj1 mice with a bacterial lung infection. (M). Pathological scores of mouse lungs from wild type and were calculated. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test using Prism software (GraphPad). In all experimental groups, n≥4. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001. Scale bar = 50μm.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Infection, Permeability, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Marker, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A). Schematic elaborating the strategy of ACE2 inhibitor (MLN4760, 2.5mg/kg) and anti-Ly6G (5mg/kg) rat antibody treatment. (B). Neutrophil counts in BALF from experimental groups were determined by flow cytometry gated as live Ly6G+CD11b+ cells. (C). Bodyweight changes 48-hour post bacterial lung infection in comparison to initial body weight. (D-E). Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and inflammatory cell recruiting chemokine in BALF from experimental groups as indicated were detected by ELISA. Final concentrations were normalized by recovery volume. (F-G). Representative micrograph demonstrating immunofluorescent staining for inflammation marker inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, green) and neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (MPO, red) in lung sections from mice as indicated. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test or analysis of variance (ordinary one way ANOVA multiple comparisons) using Prism software (GraphPad).For each experimental group n≥4. *p<0.05 **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. N.S. No statistic significance. Scale bar = 50μm.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Marker, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Timeline depicting the experimental protocol. (B) Bodyweight changes relative to that before bacterial pneumonia model initiation with or without ACE2 intervention 48-hours post bacterial inoculation. (C) The severity of lung edema in wild type mice with or without recombinant ACE2 was determined by lung tissue wet/dry ratio measurement. (D) Protein levels in BALF from mice with or without recombinant human ACE2 was determined. (E) Bacterial load in BALF from mice of the individual experimental group was determined as CFU/ml. (F) The effect of recombinant ACE2 that was given post initial inflammatory process on the neutrophil accumulation in bacterially infected mouse lung was measured by flow cytometry as indicated as live Ly6G+CD11b+ cells in BALF. (G-H). Active ACE2 enhancement led to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine (Mip2 and KC) levels in BALF determined by ELISA. (I). Representative H & E staining micrographs are revealing histopathology in mouse lungs from respective experiment groups as indicated. (J-K) Representative immunofluorescence images from an indicated experimental group of mice for inducible nitric oxidase (iNOS, J), a marker of inflammation and neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (MPO, K). (L). Pathological scores of mouse lungs with or without recombinant ACE2 treatment post initial inflammation. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test using Prism software (GraphPad).For each experimental group n≥4. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001. Scale bar = 50μm.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Recombinant, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Histopathology, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Timelines outline the experimental protocol. (B) Bodyweight changes relative to initial body weight at six dpi with or without interrupting active ACE2 recovery by ACE2 inhibitor MLN4760. (C) Neutrophil accumulation in mouse lung infected by bacteria as manifested by live Ly6G+CD11b+ cells in BALF using flow cytometry. (D-E). Interrupting active ACE2 recovery prolonged elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine (Mip2 and KC) levels in BALF determined by ELISA. (F). H & E staining micrograph showing histology of mouse lung with perturbed active ACE2 recovery at six dpi. G-H: Representative micrograph demonstrating immunofluorescence for neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (G, MPO, red), inflammation marker inducible Nitric oxide synthase (H, iNOS, green in lung sections from mice as indicated. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test using Prism software (GraphPad). For each experimental group n≥4. *p<0.05 **p<0.01. Scale bar = 50μm.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Infection, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A). IL-17A concentration in BALF from mice with or without P.a lung infection was determined by ELISA. (B). Neutrophil counts in BALF from wild-type mice with P.a lung infection with or without pre-existing reduced ACE2 and in the presence or absence of A IL-17A neutralizing antibody. The neutrophils were detected by flow cytometry gated as Ly6G+CD11b+ live cells. The counts were normalized with the volume of BALF in the individual experimental group of mice. (C). Recombinant IL-17A (100 ng/ml, 30 μl intra-nasal instillation) induces neutrophil infiltration in wild type mice lungs, and the induction is more potent in ACE2 deficient mice. Recombinant human ACE2 inhibits the IL-17A induced neutrophil infiltration in mice (D-E). rhACE2 alleviates rIL-17 mediated cytokine and chemokine production in BALF. (F). IL-17A production in BALF from mice that ACE2 activity was manipulated either by pharmacological reagents or genetically modified. IL-17A concentration was determined by ELISA and normalized with respective BALF volume. (G-H). rhACE2 inhibited IL-17A induced STAT3 phosphorylation in vitro (G, mouse lung organoids) and in vivo (H, mouse lung). (I). rhACE2 represses bacterial lung infection induced STAT3 activation in both wild-type and ACE2 deficient mice. (J). Blocking STAT3 signaling alleviates the lack of pulmonary ACE2 induced exuberant neutrophil infiltration in bacterially infected mouse lung as manifested by western blot for phosphorylated STAT3. WP1066, a STAT3 antagonist. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by two-tailed student’s T-test or analysis of variance (ordinary one way ANOVA multiple comparisons) using Prism software (GraphPad).In all experimental groups, n≥3. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Recombinant, Activity Assay, Genetically Modified, In Vitro, In Vivo, Activation Assay, Blocking Assay, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test, Software

Journal: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Article Title: A dynamic variation of pulmonary ACE2 is required to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in response to Pseudomonas Areuginosa lung infection in mice

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900579

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial lung infection leads to pulmonary dynamic variation, which is required to modulate neutrophil influx. Pre-existing and persistent enhanced or reduced levels of active ACE2 that disrupts ACE2 dynamic during bacterial pneumonia results in a worsened outcome. Also, interrupted ACE2 recovery delays the resolution process of neutrophilia and lung inflammation in bacterial pneumonia. However, a therapeutic window for the improved outcome using active ACE2 is tangible.

Article Snippet: Sandwich ELISA analysis for mouse ACE2 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Innovative Research, Inc. Cat #: IRKTAH5291).

Techniques: Infection